Urban

≤0.80

acceptable discriminant validity between place immersion scale factors

The three factors of the Place Immersion Scale showed acceptable discriminant validity, with all latent variable covariance upper limits at or below 0.80

Discriminant validity requires that scale factors are sufficiently distinct from one another. All latent variable covariance upper limits at or below 0.80 confirmed that the three immersion dimensions (neuro-spatial, psycho-spatial, socio-spatial) measure meaningfully different constructs.

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