463 µg/m³
Kitchen PM2.5 far exceeds safe limits in the wet/cold season
Mean 24-hour kitchen PM2.5 was 463.27 µg/m³ in the wet/cold season — 30.9× the WHO safe limit
Indoor kitchen PM2.5 concentrations during the wet/cold season were nearly 31 times the WHO guideline of 15 µg/m³, indicating severely unsafe air quality for cooking households.
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