7.9×
Indoor kitchen PM2.5 still nearly 8× outdoor levels in the dry/warm season
Kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were 7.9 times higher than ambient outdoor PM2.5 in the dry/warm season
Even in the dry/warm season when ventilation is better, indoor kitchen PM2.5 remained nearly 8 times higher than outdoor concentrations, confirming cooking as a dominant pollution source.
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