Studysheets

sense of 'being there' in VR linked to higher likelihood of actually attending the hiking tour

Participants' sense of presence ('being there') correlated with actual attendance at the hiking tour

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

sense of 'being there' in VR linked to stronger nature connectedness gains

Participants' sense of presence ('being there') correlated with changes in nature connectedness

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

16%

share of students who actually attended the real hiking tour after virtual nature exposure

6 out of 38 students (16%) actually attended the organised hiking tour following virtual nature exposure

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

meaningful pre-to-post increase in intention to join the organised hiking tour

Virtual nature exposure significantly increased intention to participate in an organised hiking tour

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

meaningful pre-to-post increase in intention to visit the hiking location after virtual nature exposure

Virtual nature exposure significantly increased intention to visit the real hiking location

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

large pre-to-post increase in feeling connected to nature after virtual nature exposure

Virtual nature exposure significantly increased nature connectedness with a large effect size

Elena Brambilla et al., 2025, JMIR Serious Games

3 min

shortest urban environment exposure measured in included studies

The shortest exposure duration measured in included studies was only 3 minutes total

Ben Senkler et al., 2025, PLOS mental health.

very small sample sizes across included studies

Sample sizes in included studies ranged from just 8 to 95 participants, indicating very small study populations

Ben Senkler et al., 2025, PLOS mental health.

15 studies

small evidence base for mobile EEG in urban environments

Only 15 studies met inclusion criteria for this systematic review of mobile EEG in urban environments

Ben Senkler et al., 2025, PLOS mental health.

g = -0.26

portable digital nature reduces depression

Portable Digital Nature Experience significantly reduces depression

Yuhan Zhou et al., 2026, Clinical Psychology Review

g = -0.67

portable digital nature reduces anxiety

Portable Digital Nature Experience significantly reduces anxiety

Yuhan Zhou et al., 2026, Clinical Psychology Review

g = -0.51

portable digital nature reduces stress

Portable Digital Nature Experience significantly reduces stress

Yuhan Zhou et al., 2026, Clinical Psychology Review

SMD −0.67

horticultural activities moderately reduce depressive symptoms

Horticultural activities have a moderate overall effect on reducing depressive symptoms in community-dwelling adults

Po Yan Sin et al., 2025, International Journal of Nursing Studies

56

number of neuro-urbanism studies meeting eligibility criteria in this systematic review

56 articles on neuro-urbanism met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review

Soroush Masoumzadeh et al., 2025, Cities & Health

37 studies

number of eligible studies included in the meta-analysis

The meta-analysis identified 37 eligible studies on urban green spaces and dementia from 2009 to 2024

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure linked to substantially enhanced cognitive function

Urban green spaces are associated with substantially enhanced cognitive function in older adults and those with dementia (effect size 0.52)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure associated with increased positive emotions

Urban green spaces are associated with increased positive emotions in older adults and those with dementia (effect size 0.10)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure associated with relief of mental disorders

Urban green spaces are associated with a reduction in mental disorders in older adults and those with dementia (effect size -0.32)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure linked to reduced anxiety

Urban green spaces are associated with a meaningful reduction in anxiety in older adults and those with dementia (effect size -0.28)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure associated with improved social participation

Urban green spaces are associated with improved social participation in older adults and those with dementia (effect size 0.14)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

green space exposure linked to lower dementia incidence

Urban green spaces are associated with a reduced incidence of dementia (effect size -0.06)

Yixin Zhang et al., 2025, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

7%

very few reviewed studies linked restoration to sustainability

Restoration–sustainability connections are rarely studied

G. Martinez et al., 2025, Environmental Education Research

20%

only a minority of reviewed studies addressed restoration and education

Few studies linked psychological restoration to education

G. Martinez et al., 2025, Environmental Education Research

52%

more than half of reviewed studies linked restoration to mental health outcomes

Majority of studies connected psychological restoration to mental health

G. Martinez et al., 2025, Environmental Education Research

nature-based interventions have a small physiological positive effect

Nature-based interventions have a modest and non-significant positive effect on physiological outcomes

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions strongly boost psychological positive outcomes

Nature-based interventions have a large positive effect on psychological dimensions of well-being

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions strongly increase relaxation

Nature-based interventions produce a very large increase in relaxation

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions increase positive affect

Nature-based interventions significantly increase positive affect

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions enhance positive outcomes overall

Nature-based interventions significantly enhance overall positive outcomes

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions reduce negative affect

Nature-based interventions significantly reduce negative affect

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions lower heart rate

Nature-based interventions significantly reduce heart rate

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions reduce depressive symptoms

Nature-based interventions significantly reduce depressive symptoms

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions notably reduce anxiety

Nature-based interventions significantly reduce anxiety symptoms

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

nature-based interventions reduce negative health outcomes overall

Nature-based interventions significantly reduce overall negative outcomes compared with controls

Esmaeel Saeedy Robat et al., 2026, Nature Human Behaviour

+9.59 arousals

more sleep arousals under ICU noise conditions than baseline

ICU noise significantly increases the number of sleep arousals in healthy subjects

Sandra Horsten et al., 2017, British Journal of Anaesthesia

38 papers

scale of the systematic review on art viewing and well-being

Systematic review included 38 papers covering 6,805 participants

mackenzie D Trupp et al., 2025, The Journal of Positive Psychology

39

studies meeting eligibility on street topology and spatial cognition

39 studies met eligibility criteria for this systematic review

Hamed Ahmadi et al., 2025, Cognitive Processing

86%

a second intervention phase in public settings boosts stair climbing success rate

Conducting a second intervention phase in public settings increased stair climbing in 86% of studies

Alice Bellicha et al., 2014, Preventive Medicine

83%

combining motivational and directional signs in worksites is especially effective

Combining motivational and directional signs increased stair climbing in 83% of worksite studies

Alice Bellicha et al., 2014, Preventive Medicine

76%

most public-setting stair-use studies showed increased stair climbing

Stair-use interventions increased stair climbing in 76% of public-setting studies

Alice Bellicha et al., 2014, Preventive Medicine

64%

majority of worksite stair-use studies showed increased stair climbing

Stair-use interventions increased stair climbing in 64% of worksite studies

Alice Bellicha et al., 2014, Preventive Medicine

35

number of studies on street-view greenery/bluespace and mental health found in review

35 articles identified linking street-view greenery or bluespace to mental health outcomes

Mondira Bardhan et al., 2024, Environmental Research

RR 0.98

no link between road traffic noise and breast cancer mortality

Road traffic noise is not associated with breast cancer mortality (RR 0.98)

Ali Momen et al., 2025, Current Environmental Health Reports

RR 1.01

no link between road traffic noise and breast cancer incidence

Road traffic noise is not associated with breast cancer incidence (RR 1.01)

Ali Momen et al., 2025, Current Environmental Health Reports

126

scale of the systematic review on human-centred ML in architecture

Review covers 126 studies on HCML in architectural research (2010–2025)

Valentina Beatini et al., 2026, SSRN Electronic Journal

10

very small evidence base for neuro-architecture in learning spaces

Only 10 studies met inclusion criteria for this systematic review of neuro-architecture and learning environments

Reyhaneh Raisi et al., 2025, Intelligent Buildings International

nature exposure improves attention and working memory in adults with intellectual disabilities

Viewing nature videos improved attentional and memory performance in adults with intellectual developmental disorders

Florent Béclin et al., 2025, Revue francophone de la déficience intellectuelle

121

scale of the systematic review on environment design and patient healing

121 papers were reviewed linking environmental design to patient healing outcomes

Rawan Suleiman Majed Juma, 2024, International Journal of Religion

small pilot sample of children and adolescents with IDD

Nature exposure improved attention and working memory (reverse order) in children with IDD

Florent Béclin et al., 2025, Alter

28

breadth of health outcomes examined across campus outdoor space studies

Research in this area covered 28 distinct student health indicators across five major themes

Danqiuzi Li et al., 2026, Sustainability

60

number of empirical studies included in this systematic review of campus outdoor spaces and student health

60 empirical studies were identified and included in this systematic review

Danqiuzi Li et al., 2026, Sustainability

508

scale of literature search on nature-based workplace interventions

508 studies identified in systematic search on NBIs and workplace well-being

Varvara Charisi et al., 2025, Sustainability

50

scope of the systematic review on indoor plants and psychological wellbeing

The review synthesised 50 empirical studies across 45 journal papers on the psychological effects of indoor plants

Ke-Tsung Han et al., 2019, Sustainability

209 participants

small total sample across all included studies

Eight nature-based intervention studies included a combined total of 209 participants aged 25–91

Émilie Fortin et al., 2025, Journal of Ageing and Longevity

11

studies meeting strict inclusion criteria for nature-deficit systematic review

Only 11 of 88 publications met inclusion criteria for in-depth analysis

Natalia Korcz, 2025, Forests

~88%

most quantitative NbS studies report at least one positive health association

Nearly 88% of quantitative studies reported at least one positive association between nature-based solutions and health

Diya Chakravorty et al., 2026, Environments

58%

majority of NbS-health studies focused on adult populations

58% of studies focused on adult populations, leaving other age groups under-represented

Diya Chakravorty et al., 2026, Environments

45%

urban ecosystems dominate NbS-health research settings

Urban ecosystems were the most frequently examined setting, featuring in 45% of included studies

Diya Chakravorty et al., 2026, Environments

38%

largest share of NbS-health studies concentrated in the UK

38% of included studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, making it the most represented country

Diya Chakravorty et al., 2026, Environments

115

scale of the evidence base on NbS and human health in Europe

115 studies met inclusion criteria for this systematic review of nature-based solutions and human health in Europe

Diya Chakravorty et al., 2026, Environments