3 min
shortest urban environment exposure measured in included studies
Exact: 3 minutes
The shortest exposure duration measured in included studies was only 3 minutes total
Across the 15 included studies, the duration of measured environmental exposure ranged from as little as 3 minutes (1 minute per site) to 30 minutes (15 minutes per site). Two studies did not report duration at all. This wide variability in exposure duration is a key source of heterogeneity and limits cross-study comparisons.
The shortest measurement duration observed was only 3 minutes (1 minute per site) [ 42 ], while the longest measurement duration was 30 minutes (15 minutes per site) [ 40 ].
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